منابع مشابه
Building the Bottom Up From the Top Down
"Bottom up" governance. "Self-organization." These are among the most talismanic virtue-words of modern political discourse. Yet the reality is that in politics, "self-organization" is rare, being hard to initiate and even harder to sustain. As Oscar Wilde once complained about socialism, it "requires too many evenings." Governance as we tend to know it depends primarily on hierarchical institu...
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The biological approach to nanotechnology has produced self-assembled objects, arrays and devices; likewise, it has achieved the recognition of inorganic systems and the control of their growth. Can these approaches now be integrated to produce useful systems?
متن کاملArtificial life: organization, adaptation and complexity from the bottom up.
Artificial life attempts to understand the essential general properties of living systems by synthesizing life-like behavior in software, hardware and biochemicals. As many of the essential abstract properties of living systems (e.g. autonomous adaptive and intelligent behavior) are also studied by cognitive science, artificial life and cognitive science have an essential overlap. This review h...
متن کاملBuilding Software Process Line Architectures from Bottom Up
Abstract. In this paper, we propose a technique for establishing process lines, which are sets of common processes in particular problem domains, and process line architectures that incorporate commonality and variability. Process line architectures are used as a basis for deriving process lines from the perspective of overall optimization. The proposed technique includes some extensions to the...
متن کاملThe Life Cycle of Bottom-up Ideas
The main aim of this thesis is to study the life cycle of the incremental “bottom-up” ideas, which concern process and organizational matters. According to earlier studies, bottom-up ideas are not always successfully used and managed and as well there exists need for more study on organizational and process innovations. It is therefore useful to study this phenomenon more and gain more informat...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Nature
سال: 2010
ISSN: 0028-0836,1476-4687
DOI: 10.1038/4641129a